Not only by God's permission

Institutes of the Christian Religion (1559)
Book 2 - God the Redeemer

Chapter 4 - How God Works in Men's Hearts

Sections 1-5 - Man under Satan's control;

God makes use of Satan in hardening hearts


Section 1 - Man stands under the devil's power, willingly
He controls us, and we want it that way, without grace.
2 Cor 4:4; Eph 2:2.
We are like a horse; either God or Satan will direct us.


Section 2 - God, Satan, and man active in the same event
But they had different purposes, in Job's plundering, e.g. - Job 1:17.
God meant to work patience in Job.
Satan meant to drive him to despair of God.
The Chaldeans meant to rob Job for his stuff.


Section 3 - What does "hardness" mean?
It is more than foreknowledge or permission of a hard heart.
"Sins happen... by His might." Isaiah 6:10; Deut 2:30.


Section 4 - Scriptural examples of how God treats the godless
Job 12:20, 24; Isa 63:17; Ex 7:3-4; 4:21; 10:1, 20, 27; 11:10; 14:8.
Ps 105:25; Isa 5:26; 7:18; Ezek 12:13; 17:20; Jer 50:23; Isa 10:15.

Section 5 - Satan also must serve God
When Satan seeks to work in men, God makes his actions to serve His purposes.
1 Sam 16:14; 18:10; 19:9; 2 Thess 2:10-11.